Figure 1. Cordoba Synagogue, Interior, 1314/5. Photo courtesy of Nicolas Sapieha.
Figure 2. Lorca Synagogue, general view of interior, first half of 15th century. After Ramón Avaso Martínez, ed., Lorca: Luces de Sefarad. Lights of Sepharad (Murcia: Editora Regional de Murcia, 2009), p. 209.

Figure 3. Worms Synagogue, Ground Plan, after 1213. After Richard Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen (Berlin, 1927), p. 49.

Figure 4. Cologne, Men’s and Women’s Synagogue and Jewish Quarter, before 1349. Source: Schütte, Sven and Marianne Gechter, Köln ArchäologischeZone Jüdisches Museum (Cologne: Stadt Köln, 2012), p. 162.

Figure 5. Window frame of the Ezrat Nashim. Left: Cologne Synagogue, 1140–1150; right: Speyer Synagogue, end of the 13th century. Source: Schütte, Sven and Marianne Gechter, Köln ArchäologischeZone Jüdisches Museum (Cologne: Stadt Köln, 2012), p. 106.