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Broyde, Matityahu (Michael) Translated by Jonathan Snowbell
"Gilui Se'ara shel Ishah Nesu'ah (Revealing the Hair of a Married Woman)," Broyde, Matityahu (Michael) Translated by Jonathan Snowbell. Tehumin, 27, 5767 (2007), 248-265.

Synopsis: This article by R. Michael (Matityahu) Broyde is a translation (not reviewed by the author) of an article that originally appeared in Hebrew. R. Broyde points out that from the opinions of most rishonim (halakhic authorities from before the expulsion from Spain), it seems that the prohibition to reveal a married woman's hair is of a Rabbinic nature and that the prohibition is subjective and amenable to change based on the norms of a specific time and place. The author cites aharonim (halakhic authorities after the expulsion from Spain) who follow in the footsteps of these rishonim.

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Henkin, Yehuda-Herzl
"Contemporary Tseni'ut," Henkin, Yehuda-Herzl. Tradition, 37:3, 2003.

Synopsis: In this essay R. Henkin examines the key Talmudic sugyot and halakhot regarding modesty, and tries to clarify this area of halakha that relates to modesty in dress and behavior, particularly as relating to women. Issues such as women's head and hair covering and (men) hearing a woman's voice are addressed, bringing many insights, but for the questioning reader, raising many questions as well. For the reader who wishes to understand these issues well and who wishes to make intelligent, educated decisions about her practice by studying the sugyot herself, this article is an excellent starting point.

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ADDITIONAL READING


Article

Bronner, Leila Leah
"From Veil to Wig: Jewish Women's Hair Coverings," Bronner, Leila Leah. Judaism, 42:4, 1993.

Synopsis: This paper examines the practice of hair covering among Jewish women from a historical and cultural perspective.

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Broyde, Michael
"Hair Covering & Jewish Law: Biblical and Objective (Dat Moshe) or Rabbinic and Subjective (Dat Yehudit)?," Broyde, Michael. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, 42:3, 2009, 97-179.

Synopsis:

While most Ahronim uphold the necessity for married women to cover their hair, Broyde argues that, after close examination of the Rishonim – particularly the school of Tosafot, the Tur, and the Shulhan Arukh – the prohibition against uncovered hair is deemed to be a rabbinic ordinance (dat yehudit) and not a biblical one (dat moshe).  The author’s intention is to justify the halakhic practice of modest Jewish women who choose not to cover their hair, on the basis that the prohibition is rabbinic and dependent on societal norms of modesty.



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Broyde, Michael J.
"Further on Women's Hair Covering: An Exchange - Tradition, Modesty and America: Married Women Covering Their Hair," Broyde, Michael J.. Judaism, 40:1, Winter, 1991, 79-94.

Synopsis: Broyde criticizes Shapiro's article on Minhag America, asserting that contrary to Shapiro's claim, minhag can only decide halakhic practice in a disputes between various halakhic opinions, it cannot be used to justify something not permissible. Broyde leaves us with the conclusion that the majority of modern poskim believe that the requirement for a married woman to cover her hair is immutable and a more thorough halakhic analysis of all the sources would have to be undertaken.

Flug, Joshua
"A Review of the Recent Sheitel Controversy," Flug, Joshua. Journal of Halacha & Contemporary Society, XLIX, 2005, pp. 5-33.

Synopsis: In 2004, a letter from Jerusalem citing Rabbi Yosef Elyashiv asserted that human hair whose source was from the temple in Tirupati, India should be considered tikrovet avodah zarah, an idolatrous offering that renders the hair assur b'hana'ah, prohibited to derive benefit from the hair. This article presents the basic fact underlying the question regarding permissibility of the hair from the temple in Tirupati and the various responsa that are relevant to the question.

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Joseph, Norma Baumel
"Hair Distractions:Women and Worship in the Responsa of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein," Joseph, Norma Baumel. Jewish Legal Writings by Women, ed. Micah Halperin and Chana Safrai, Urim, 1998, 9-22.

Synopsis: Professor Norma Baumel Joseph examines the responsa of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein to discuss his approach to the prohibition involved in looking at women, in particular, at her uncovered hair.

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Krakowski, Lili
"Further on Women's Hair Covering: An Exchange - Reacts to Marc Shapiro," Krakowski, Lili. Judaism, 40:1, Winter, 1991.

Synopsis: Krakowski criticizes Shapiro's article on Minhag America, asserting that Orthodox Women in Germany and Holland began uncovering their hair since the Enlightenment. She also suggests that since Sephardic and German Jews were the first immigrants to America their minhag should prevail.

Salzberg, Alieza
"Hair Coverings for Married Women," Salzberg, Alieza. My Jewish Learning (online), Sept. 2009.

Synopsis:

Alieza Salzberg (a graduate student in Rabbinic Literature at Hebrew University and a fellow at the Hartman Institute in Jerusalem) gives basic overview of the halachic origins of head covering for married women, and the attitudes towards head-covering in non-Orthodox circles.



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Schiller, Mayer
"The Obligation of Married Women to Cover Their Hair," Schiller, Mayer. JHCS, 30, 1995, 81-108.

Synopsis: Rabbi Mayer Schiller examines the nature of the obligation for women to cover their hair after marriage. He discusses the various sources of the obligation as well as the specific halakhic requirements.

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Shapiro, Marc
"Another Example of Minhag America," Shapiro, Marc. Judaism, 39:2, 1990, 148-154.

Synopsis: This article examines the obligation of married women to cover their hair. It specifically focuses on the role of minhag in the observance and maintenance of this law.

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Shapiro, Marc
"Further on Women's Hair Covering: An Exchange - Marc Shapiro Replies," Shapiro, Marc. Judaism, 40:1, Winter, 1991, 79-94.

Synopsis: Shapiro reasserts his position that the minhag of observant Jews can override and therefore change halakha. He bases this on a minority opinion of rishonim (halakhic authorities from before the expulsion from Spain) who hold this to be the case regarding Rabbinic prohibitions and also on a minority opinion of ahronim (halakhic authorities after the expulsion from Spain) who hold this to be the case regarding Biblical prohibitions.

Shulman,Eli Baruch; Broyde, Michael
"Hair Covering and Jewish Law: A Response," Shulman,Eli Baruch; Broyde, Michael. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, 43:2, 2010, 73-108.

Synopsis:

In his critical review of Michael Broyde’s article on “Hair Covering” (Tradition 2009), Shulman claims to present an accurate reading of the halakhic sources.  He suggests that R. Broyde misrepresents dat yehudit as denoting a rabbinic and subjective prohibition, whereas, in truth, it refers to socially accepted standards of modesty.  Furthermore, Shulman maintains that one should not mislead women who are planning to cover their hair when married into believing it would be permissible to do otherwise, while Broyde argues that “Women and families who have a clear custom not to cover their hair should know that there is a firm foundation for such a practice in the Rishonim and Shulhan Arukh.”



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Sztokman, Elana Maryles
"Choosing To Cover My Hair, Then Not To," Sztokman, Elana Maryles. The Sisterhood [blog], July 14th, 2010.

Synopsis:

Elana discusses her personal struggle, at first, with covering her hair as newly married women and later deciding not to cover her hair.  She responds to the spurious justifications given to her as an 18-year-old, in retrospect.  Inspired by the reflections of Rebecca Schischa on body, religion, culture, and choice, she believes that observant women should be offered the opportunity to make more informed decisions. 

-See also the article by Rebecca Schischa, “What leads to ‘Burqa Rage’”

http://blogs.forward.com/sisterhood-blog/129308/



Weiss, Susan
"Under Cover: Demystification of Women's Head Covering in Jewish Law," Weiss, Susan. Nashim, 17, Spring, 2009, 89-115.

Synopsis: The author challenges the usual explanations for the practice of Jewish (married) women to cover their heads, calling those explanations myths, and argues that head-covering is a powerful tool of social control that operates on the body of women and is a sign of a man's proprietary interests in his wife's sexuality. She relates this form of social control to the control men have over wives in Jewish marital and divorce law.

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Audio

Glass, Yisraela and Idana Goldberg
"The Millinery Mystique: Experiencing Head Covering," Glass, Yisraela and Idana Goldberg. JOFA One Day Conference, New York. 2001.

Synopsis: This panel offers a personal view of the meaning, sentiment and challenges surrounding the issue of head covering for women.

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Book

Henkin, Yehuda Herzl
Responsa On Contemporary Jewish Women's Issues. Henkin, Yehuda Herzl. Ktav, 2003.

Synopsis: This book contains twenty-four modern responsa translated from Hebrew. Chapters relevant to this category in the JOFA online library include Women's Hair Covering, More on Women's Hair Covering, and Unocovered Hair of hte Bride at the Wedding Feast.

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Schreiber, Lynne Ed
Hide and Seek: Jewish Women and Hair Covering. Schreiber, Lynne Ed. Urim, 2003.

Synopsis: A collection of essays about the practice of hair-covering by Jewish women.

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